Profile of the Episcopal House of Deputies

 of the General Convention 2000-2003

By Louie Crew,
Member of the Deputation of the Diocese of Newark in 1994 (Co-Chair), 1997, and 2000 (Chair)

 Associate Professor, Rutgers University

©1996, 1997, 1999 by Louie Crew. Freely reproduce, but only if you acknowledge your source and send any URL's or hard copy to Louie Crew, Box 30, Newark, NJ 07101


Contents


This article is in process. For the main statistical analysis, I restricted myself to data available on 7/5/99 the deadline for election of deputies.  At that time of the domestic dioceses only Kansas  and North Dakota had not elected deputies yet, and the deputies for Navajoland were not yet known. When they become known, I will add them to the list of deputies but will not revise the statistical analysis.

I  will treat in the same way any alternates still to be elected and any shifts in deputations due to death, moves, or other causes. Such changes typically occur right through General Convention itself, yet with 97% of the deputation on record for this report, percentages are not likely off  much on any one tally.

Most of the statistical analysis restricts itself to the data for the 100 domestic dioceses of the Episcopal Church. The full listing of deputies includes the eight others dioceses.

The report depends heavily on data provided officially in The Episcopal Clerical Directory  especially editions for 1996, 1998, and 1999, The Episcopal Lay Leadership Directory, and several recent editions of  the Episcopal Church Annual.  Almost never is information merely transferred from one of these sources, but rather, data from those sources is put into a data base from one or more other sources and then relational questions are asked.  Data from all official sources is only as good as the data provided to them, typically supplied by priests in charge in parochial reports or both others affected, such as entry forms for those in the Lay Leadership Directory.  I welcome corrections, but will not correct the official sources, lest I 'doctor' the data.


A suggestion about how to read this document

Hypertext documents are not meant to be read linearly, from start to finish. Instead, they make it easy for you to move from place to place, indeed sometimes from this document to other documents. Use the Table of Contents as a tool to move around. Also use the FIND feature of your browser. For example, the Table of Contents will point you to primary data about Gender, but materials related to male and female issue appear throughout the document. Using your FIND feature to search for the string MALE and you will locate most of the related materials.

I hope that you will respond to some of this material in ways that I can post to the www with a link from here.

Background

The Episcopal Church is at once more democratic than many churches and more centralized than many. Episcopal means "overseen by bishops." Bishops and all others are accountable to the General Convention, a bicameral legislature which meets triennially. The House of Deputies is one chamber, the House of Bishops the other. Legislation must pass in both Houses to be official policy of the Episcopal Church.

During the interim, the Presiding Bishop and Executive Council provide oversight at the national level. One principal bishop oversees each of the 100 domestic dioceses of the Episcopal Church, with much choice left to each diocese in terms of its liturgical and theological preferences, including choice of candidates for ordination.

General Convention governs the church through Constitution and Canons, and it advises the church through resolutions.

The House of Deputies is composed of up to 4 deputies in the clergy order and up to 4 deputies in the lay order from each diocese, elected at diocesan conventions at least a year in advance of the General Convention, unless special permission is granted to recognize elections after these deadlines. Dioceses typically elect up to 4 alternates in each order as well, but only 4 persons in each order may serve during any one half-day session. (I have criticized the undemocratic nature of this 'county unit system' in my article "The Countdown to Indianapolis," The Witness Magazine, March 1994, parts of which are on the web as Quean Lutibelle's Book of Numbers)

To keep the data manageable and to reflect the practice that prevails the vast majority of the time, I have restricted my report to deputies and first alternates. Most other alternates have to pay their own way to convention, and few actually serve except for half a day, if that.

This report monitors and correlates many variables about House of Deputies.  I wrote the first version regarding the 1997 General Convention.  I have completely re-done the manuscript for the General Convention of 2000.

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New Deputies, and deputies not returning.


General Convention 2000

In 2000, sixty percent of the deputies for 2000 served in 1997, with  more lay deputies (62.4%) re-elected than clergy (57.6%) re-elected.  In 1997 the distribution was nearly the same:  sixty-one percent of the deputies elected for 1997 served in 1994, again with more lay deputies re-elected than clergy. (Note: I have not monitored service prior to 1994. Undoubtedly a few whom I identify as "new" may actually have served before, prior to 1994.

See the list of 1997 deputies not returning in 2000.
 

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Rank

Deputies are ranked 1 through 4 based on the number of votes received. Appointments to legislative committees and other major roles give preference to seniority and experience. There is some truth to the counsel given to those who are alternates: "Stick around and you have a chance to move up":

In 2000, fifty-eight percent of the deputies and first alternates served  also in 1997.  Of those, 67% had an equal or  higher rank in 2000 than they had in 1997, with lay and clergy being about equal in this distribution.

In 1997, seventy percent of all returning deputies and first alternates either moved up or kept their previous rank. Sixteen percent of the lay deputies and first alternates had lower rank in 1994, and 30 percent of the clergy deputies or first alternates were lower alternates in 1994.

Thirty-five percent of the deputies and first alternates  in 2000 served  also in 1994.  Of those, 70% had an equal or higher rank in 2000 than they had in 1994.

Are women and deputies of color more likely to be elected to lower rank?

The evidence does not support the claim that females tend to be more highly represented in 3rd, 4th, and 5th positions. While clergy females are slightly over-represented in the c4 position, they are just as much under represented in the c5 positions; lay female deputies are over-represented in the l5 position but not under-represented in l1-l4 positions.

The evidence does not support the claim that deputies of color tend to be more highly represented in 3rd, 4th, and 5th positions. In fact, clergy deputies of color are under-represented in c4 and c5 positions; lay deputies of color are under-represented in the l5 position.

RankDepsFemalesDeps of
Color
c?*710
c1107 230
c2102 2514
c3100 2612
c498 315
c599 197
-
l?*1691
l1104 5517
l2100 5018
l496 4713
l5100 657
-
Totals:1,027399124
* Some dioceses do not rank their deputies

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Gender

A female presides over the House.  In 2000,  women constitute a majority (53.3%, up one percent from 1997)  of the lay deputies but only 24.7% (up 5 percent from 1997)  of the clergy deputies are female.

In 2000 women  hold 54% f the L1 positions (vs. only 50.5% in 1997).  In 2000 women hold 20 percent of the C1 positions (down 2 percent from 1997)  Click here to see a list of all female deputies.  Click here to see the most current summary statistics of gender in the House, not restrict just to the domestic dioceses as is this report.

In 1997 females constituted only 36 percent of the House; in 2000, 39 percent. See the graph of women's percent of the House of Deputies since they first served in 1970,  (50 years after women's suffrage in the U.S.A.), and have been eligible to serve as priests only since 1976, but women continue to gain a larger share of the membership, as they have done steadily since their enfranchisement.

In the 1996 The Clerical Directory, females were only 13.8% of those listed.. By 1999 females were 17.8% of 17,117 clergy listed in The Clerical Directory.   Click here to see their distribution diocese by diocese.

Thirty of the 108 dioceses have no female clergy deputies for General Convention 2000: Alabama, Albany, Arkansas, Central Florida, Central New York, Colombia, Dallas, Dominican Republic, Eastern Oregon, Easton, Eau Claire, Fond du Lac, Fort Worth, Haiti, Honduras, Mississippi, Navajoland Northwest Texas, Northwestern Pa, Quincy, San Joaquin South Carolina, Springfield, Tennessee, Texas, Virgin Islands, Virginia, West Tennessee, Western Louisiana, Western Massachusetts (Thanks to Marge Christie for telling me to notice these. -- L.)

Map showing dioceses with no female
clerical deputies in 2000.

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Age

Age data is readily available for clergy (for 97% of the clerical deputies in 2000, for 86% in 1997), but less available for lay deputies (for only 41.2% in 2000, yet that is better than for only 21%  in 1997).

The average age of a deputy in 2000 is 55.1, of  deputies in 1997 was 53.9.  Those ages are computed for the age at opening day of each convention.

The median age of a deputy in 2000 is 54.5, of deputies in 1997 was  53.1 The average age for clergy in 2000 is 51.1, for lay deputies is 61.8, or 10.7 years older.   In 1997 the lay deputies averaged only  six years older than clergy.  Likely the difference is about the same this time; we simply have the ages of the older (returning) lay deputies more than we have them of the younger ones.

See my details regarding clergy age in my 1998 report on all ECUSA clergy.
Click here to see the birthdays for bishops and deputies on any one current day such as today.  This is intended to be a prayer calendar.

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Place of Birth: Deputy Mobility

The entire nation has moved around a lot in the last half century: so have deputies.  Only 25.6 percent of the clergy deputies in 2000 live in the state where they were born, compared with 28 percent  in 1997.  Only 45 percent of the clergy live in the same province where they were born, compared with 55 percent in 1997.. Only 37 percent of the lay deputies in 2000 live in the state where they were born, compared with 42 percent  in 1997.  Fifty-one percent of the lay deputies still live in the province where they were born (up 4 percent  from 1997).  I have data on birthplaces for only  41 percent of the lay deputies but for 98 percent of the clergy.

Gender differences appear minimal regarding clergy moves from their place of birth:

   Those who work in a state where they were not born:
 

female clergy: 73.5% in 2000, 75% in 1997
male clergy:  75.3% in 2000, 71% in 1997


   Those who work in a  province where not born:

          all clergy in 2000: 55% in 2000
 

female clergy 59% in 2000; 59% in 1997
male clergy   54.8% in 2000; 53% in 1997


Click here to see a map of the provinces.

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Marital History

Most deputies are married.

Twelve percent of the clergy deputies have never married, and only 4.4 percent of the lay deputies.

Those who report 'children' without reporting a marriage are usually currently divorced or widow(er)ed.   14.2 percent of the lay are in that category, but only 3.4 percent of the clergy.

The gender difference has increased from 90.% vs. 72.5% in 1997.
 

Deputies married to clergy

5 percent of the lay deputies are married to clergy persons (cf. 5.5% in 1997); 2.8  percent of the clergy deputies are married to other clergy persons (cf. 1.7% in 1997).

Those "not married"

 Some deputies indicate that they have children but leave out date of marriage: these omissions are ambiguous -- possibly because the person is divorced, possibly because the person's spouse has died.... Very few divorced persons say so.(See  Phil Nicholson's strategy for interpreting divorce data on all listed in the Electronic Clerical Directory.)

"Single, but...."

Only 9.7% of the deputies have never married, compared with 12.8% of all ECUSA clergy.  Through private revelations from the deputies themselves I know 11 percent of those coded above as "not married"  are in fact in committed lesbigay unions, many of them of more than two decades duration, as are several others coded as heterosexually married but divorced.  Only since the 1997 General Convention has Church Publishing Incorporated, publisher of both clerical and lay directories, allowed clergy to indicate a life-partner of the same gender. With the 1998 Lay Leadership Directory it kept the  "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy for lay persons by abandoning marriage data for all persons listed.  This is but one small measure of the way that  the Church  treats monogamous and life-committed lesbigay relationships as the equivalent of   heterosexual promiscuity and anonymous sex.

Given  systemic stigma, undoubtedly other lesbigay deputies choose to closet their life commitments and thereby avoid other penalties, especially under bishops who refuse to license lesbigay clergy or affirm lay ministers.

"Re-Marriage"

House of Deputies 2000

Those proportions remain fairly close to those in 1997, when 9.7% of the clergy, 3.68% of the lay, 8.91% of the male, and 5.99% of the female deputies were involved in second marriages.

Divorce

It is very difficult to learn who has and has not been divorced.  That is not information that persons like to share, especially in directories often used in preliminary screening of job candidates.  Only 3.7% of all deputies specify that they have been divorced.    Of those in second or third marriages, however, only 19% indicate that the first spouse was deceased.  If one counts as 'divorced' all the others in second marriages as having been divorced, and adds those who indicate that they have children but give no other marriage data, the divorce rate for the House in 2000 is 14.5%,   That is less than one percentage point different from the 15.1% overall divorce rate that  Phil Nicholson of DataPhile computed with a much more sophisticated statistical mechanism which he allowed me to report in my analysis of the 1997 House of Deputies.
 

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Parental Status

Most deputies are parents -- 87.6 percent of all clergy deputies in 2000, 93 percent of all clergy deputies in 1997: 88.7% of all lay deputies in 2000, 95 percent of all lay deputies in 1997.

In 2000, the average clergy family with children has 3.5 children (up from 2.35 in 1997).  In 2000, the average lay family has 4.3 children (up from  of 2.6 in 1997.   The largest families reported for 2000 are the families of three lay deputies, with 10, 9, and 8 children, followed by two more lay deputy families of 6 each.  In 1997 one clergy deputy had 12 children and the largest family reported by a lay deputy had 7 children.

In 2000  second marriages added  and average of 1.3 children, compared with the average of only .8 children added by second marriages in 1997.

Of 513 clerical deputies for GC, 69 (13.45%) are the children of priests.
16 (23%) of those 69 are female priests (24% of all clergy deputies are female).

The percent of all clergy who are children of clergy is much lower. Of 16,811 clergy in the Clerical Directory, 2,880 (17%) are females.

5.3% of the male clergy are the children of priests
2.1% of the female clergy are the children of priests.

I have been able to find only two clergy who are the children of female clergy:

The Rev. Victor Hanford Kazanjian, Jr., is the son of Rev Rosanna (Case) Kazanjian.

1 The Rev. Timothy John Vellom is the son of Rev Anne (Polhemus) Vellom.

There are likely others, but these are the only clergy children of female clergy whom I can find. I was not able to find clergy who are daughters of female clergy. The way that directories handle female names makes this kind of research impossible to do with great accuracy.
 
 

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Internet Access

On December 10, 1999, 69.8% of the deputies had email addresses in the mailer for the House. (Several others have email addresses but asked out of the mailer. Check my most current statistics.

69.8% is up more than 50% from the 19% for whom I had email addresses in 1998.

Of the deputies whose ages I know (68.4%), younger deputies are almost 12% more likely to have email than are older deputies. 81% of the deputies younger than 54.85 have email, but only 69.5% of those younger than that have email.

Of the deputies whose ages I know, only 51.8% are 54.85 or younger.

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Education

All deputies have been highly educated. Most deputies have been graduated with at least at least two university degrees.
In 2000, 13.6 percent (cf. 12% in 1997) of the clergy deputies earned a doctorate.    Only 12.5% percent (cf. 22% in 1997) of the lay deputies  earned a doctorate, of those who reported educational data.  Ten  percent of the female deputies earned a doctorate in 2000 (vs. 11% in 1997);  14.6 percent of the male deputies earned a doctorate in 2000 (vs. 16% in 1997. Review a list of all deputies known to have a doctorate.

Compare these figures with those for all ECUSA clergy. Of 16,811 persons listed in the 1998 Episcopal Clerical Directory, the following have "terminal degrees":

7.0%    ThD
5.7%    PhD
4.1%    D.Min

See fuller analysis in my 1998 report of all Episcopal Clergy
 

See totals of degrees granted to deputies by all institutions in alphabetical order and in order of the number of degrees conferred.


Seventeen institutions conferred 32% of all the degrees reported by deputies to the Episcopal Clerical Directory and to the Lay Leadership Directory.  Witness deputy portions for these 17:

Note, TESM and UTS are not actually in the top 17, but I included them in the graph to reflect the portion of all of the popular theological schools. Click on the school's name to see a list of its alumni/alumnae who are deputies in 2000:
.
Deputy Alumni/Alumnae
1997 2000
VTS 68 81
USo 62 56
GTS 62 53
Nashotah 45 42
SWTS 35 35
CDSP 44 35
Yale 11 21
Harvard 16 21
EDS 19 19
ETSSw 15 17
Berk/Ya 14 17
Princeton 11 16
PDS 14 12
Bex 7 12
ETS 17 11
TESM 7 9
UTS 7 9

.

Ivy League Graduates

We have information regarding degrees for 71 percent of the deputies; of these,  11.5% graduated from Ivy League universities (compared with only 8%  in 1997).  In 2000 the Ivy League experience is manifested about equally in the clergy (11.7%) and the lay (11.5%), whereas in 1997  lay deputies were three percent  more likely to have studied at an Ivy League university.   (10.7% for the lay vs. 7% for the clergy).  As in 1997, male deputies are more likely to have studied at an Ivy League university than are female deputies, but by a smaller margin in 2000 (12.8% to 8.6%) than in 1997 (9% to 4.3%).

Honor Societies: Phi Beta Kappa & Phi Kappa Phi

Of the deputies for whom we have graduation data, only 3.4% (vs. 4.26% in 1997) graduated as members of Phi Beta Kappa & Phi Kappa Phi ­­ two major honors societies in USA higher education. (See the full list of all ECUSA clergy in Phi Beta Kappa.)

Clergy deputies are almost twice as likely to be members of these honor societies than are clergy at large -- 2,9% of the clergy deputies in 2000  vs. 1.8% of the 16,811 persons listed in the 1998 Clerical Directory.

Female deputies (4.5% in 2000; 5.67%  in 1997) are more likely to be members of these two honor societies than are male deputies (2.9% in 2000; 3.81% in 1997).
 

Lawyers & Chancellors

11.8%  (vs. 13% in 1997) of all lay deputies are known to be lawyers, and that figure is likely much higher, since only 32.6% of the lay deputies provided education data to the 1998 Lay Leadership Directory, from which I identified many, but not all of the lawyers. 18.4% of all diocesan chancellors are in the House in 2000.

Six clergy deputies (1.26%) hold law degrees, as do ten bishops, four of whem, 3%, are still active and not retired.

Three percent of the persons in the Lay Leadership Directory list law degrees, as do 1.9 percent of the persons in the Clerical Directory. See the names of all ECUSA leaders who list law degrees.

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Publications

19.4% of the clergy deputies indicate in the 1998 Clerical Directory that they have authored publications, compared with 17.9% of all 16,811 clergy who indicate the same.   20.9% of the female clergy deputies indicate that they have published compared with 18.9% of the male clergy deputies.  In the same edition, 30 percent of all bishops indicate that they have published.  We do not have adequate information on publications by lay deputies. The 1998 Lay Leadership Directory is much less comprehensive than its clerical counterpart.  Only one percent of the lay leaders indicate that they have authored publications; of that one percent,  4% are deputies.  Lay persons listing service as a deputy or alternate also comprise only 4% of the same edition of the Lay Leadership Directory.

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Participation in Ecclesiastical Bodies


Of all deputies in 2000, 18% were currently serving on Standing Committee according to the 1999 Episcopal Church Annual.  Only 15% of the female deputies were serving on Standing Committees, compared with 21% of the male deputies serving on Standing Committee.    Clergy deputies (23%) are more likely also be serving on Standing Committees than are lay deputies (14%), although Standing Committee and the House of Deputies are divided equally among clergy and lay.

As noted earlier, 18.4% of all diocesan chancellors are in the House in 2000.

Of all persons serving on interim bodies during the triennium 1997-2000 (excluding bishops), 37.5% have been elected deputy to General Convention in 2000.   Fourteen percent of all deputies to General Convention in 2000 currently serve on interim bodies.   Only 10.4% of the clergy deputies serve on interim bodies, compared with 17% of the lay deputies; excluding bishops, 61% of  the members of interim bodies are lay, 39% are clergy.  Only 12% of the male deputies serve currently on interim bodies, compared with 17% of the female deputies; excluding bishops, males are 55% and females only 45% of those who currently serve on interim bodies.
 
 

Memberships
 
 

Clergy Memberships
Based on 1998 Clerical Directory Listings
in descending order of most deputy memberships
Organization  % all clergy  % deputy clergy 
Society of St. John the Evangelist, Associate  1.3%  2.8% 
Associated Parishes  0.7%  2.6% 
Order of Holy Cross, Associate  2.4%  2.6% 
Society of Holy Cross 0.8%  1.9% 
Episcopal Women's Caucus  0.4%  1.7% 
Order of St. Luke, Associate  2.8%  1.7% 
Episcopal Society for Ministry in Higher Education  0.6%  1.3% 
Union of Black Episcopalians  0.3%  1.3% 
Association of Diocesan Liturgy & Music Commissions  0.3%  1.1% 
Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament  0.9%  1.1% 
Episcopal Peace Fellowship  0.6%  1.1%
North American Association for the Diaconate  2.0%  1.1% 
Order of St. Helena, Associate  0.3%  1.1% 
Sisterhood of the Holy Nativity  0.3%  1.1% 
Brotherhood of St. Andrew  0.7%  0.9% 
Episcopal Synod of America  0.5%  0.9% 
Rural Workers Fellowship  0.4%  0.9% 
American Association of Pastoral Counselors  1.2%  0.6% 
American Academy of Religion  0.6%  0.6% 
Catholic Clerical Union  0.5%  0.6% 
Daughters of the King  0.3%  0.6% 
Episcopal Renewal Ministries  0.4%  0.6% 
Evangelical Education Society  0.4%  0.6% 
NOEL  0.3%  0.6% 
Society of the Companions of the Holy Cross  0.2%  0.6% 
American Anglican Council  0.1%  0.4% 
Association for Clinical Pastoral Education  0.9%  0.4% 
Catholic Fellowship  0.3%  0.4% 
Community of the Holy Spirit, Associate  0.4%  0.4% 
Community of St. John the Baptist, Associate  0.1%  0.4% 
Cursillo  0.3%  0.4% 
Episcopal Society for Ministry with the Aging  0.3%  0.4%
Integrity  0.2%  0.4% 
Order of St. Benedict  0.5%  0.4% 
Society of Mary  0.6%  0.4% 
Society of St. Margaret, Associate  0.3%  0.4% 
American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy  0.4%  0.2% 
Assembly of Episcopal Hospitals and Chaplains  0.4%  0.2% 
Alban Institute  0.3%  0.2% 
Episcopalians United  0.2%  0.2% 
Fellowship of College Chaplains  0.3%  0.2% 
GEM  0.3%  0.2% 
Interim Ministry  0.3%  0.2% 
National Association for Self-Supporting Active Ministry  0.2%  0.2% 
Society of Biblical Literature  0.7%  0.2% 
SEAD  0.1%  0.2% 
Spiritual Directors  0.1%  0.2% 
Society of Saint Paul  0.2%  0.2% 

Most clergy do not take the time to fill out this information when they complete their entries for the directory, and some do not want to invade their own privacy by announcing memberships to the whole world.  Many are aware that the Clerical Directory is often used by persons on search committees and others who review their choices.

I have restricted my report of memberships to the clergy, for theirs are better documented.  The Lay Leadership Directory is much too sparse for any quantification of membership listings there to have much value.
 
 

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Special Constituencies

I provide these lists to help persons connect to others with common interests and concerns. In most cases, leaders among various groups have helped me identify others. Undoubtedly I have made mistakes, and I urge you to call them to my attention, especially any omissions. For example, many lay deputies are not even listed in the Lay Leadership Directory, and thus the birthday calendar leaves out most of them, but includes almost all clergy and all bishops. I do not think it appropriate for me to write a deputy asking for a birthday, but I will gladly add those which the deputy supplies to me voluntarily.

If deputies would like for me to post specialized lists for of other groups, please identify those deputies (see the full list of deputies and mail to me at lcrew@andromeda.rutgers.edu
 

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Deputy Parish Size

The average parish size for all deputies in 2000 is 531 (up from 466 in 1997).  The ECUSA overall available to report with 1997 was 213, though note that the parish sizes for everyone are derived from data that is two years old by the time published and available for these reports.
 

See additional documentation, with maps, in my cyber articles The Small Church (at
http://newark.rutgers.edu/~lcrew/smallchu.html) and All Episcopal Churches in the U.S.A. Reporting 1,000+ Members (at
http://rci.rutgers.edu/~lcrew/biggest.html).
 

Deputation's Past Votes on Bellwether LBG Issues

In 1997 the major action on lesbigay issues for which we had a recorded vote was the vote on C002:
 
Resolved, the House of ________ concurring, That this 72nd General Convention direct the Standing Liturgical Commission  to develop, after critical study of pertinent rites already in use by faith communities, a rite or rites for the blessing of committed relationships between persons of the same sex, and to present such forms to the 73rd General Convention for     inclusion in the Book of Occasional Services.
In a vote by orders, that resolution lost by only one vote in each order.

While we do not know how any individual deputy voted, we do know how each order of each deputation voted.  We also know who is not returning from 1997.   Of those not returning, 207 (45.9%) were in orders that voted: for C002;.  159  (35.3%) were in orders that voted against  it, and  85 (18.85%) were in orders that were divided.

Compare that with the overall distribution of 1997 deputies' vote:  400 (48.1%) were in orders that voted  for C002;  287  (34.5%) were in orders that voted against it; and   140 (16.85%) were in orders that were divided.   By my reading, the distribution is too close to give any shift in the patterns for voting on this issue.   Four dioceses that voted uniformly against us in both orders in 1997 are no longer part of ECUSA but have joined Costa Rica in creating the new Church of the Province of Central America:  El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Panama.    If every diocese voted the same way that it did last time, C002 would therefore pass by a significant amount.  That is a huge if, however.  New items that could influence the vote include  the Lambeth Conference of 1998 and a new Presiding Bishop who has called for a fallow time regarding legislation. (See ENS's report on the March 1999 House of Bishops Meeting, http://ecusa.anglican.org/ens/99-015.html

For earlier responses to lesbigay issues, see "Changing the Church," my detailed history of lesbigay issues in the Episcopal Church, published on the eve of the 1997 General Convention.

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Deputation Chairs

Although thirty-nine  of the House are females (up 3% from 1997), only twenty-four percent of the deputation chairs are female (down 7% from 1997). Although the House is divided equally between lay and clergy, sixty-eight percent of the deputation chairs are clergy, exactly the same portion as in 1997. Even more than ECUSA itself, the House acts as if "Father knows best," this in spite of the fact that lay people have been in the House longer and women have won more honors.

As in 1997, ten percent of the deputies are "single," but now only six  percent of the chairs are single, compared with eight percent in 1997..

Deputies of color constitute twelve percent  of  the House (up 3% from 1997);  yet only five  percent of the deputation chairs are deputies of color  (down from nine percent in 1997).

Systems of privilege resist change.

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Effects of Disproportional Representation

If every diocese sends eight deputies as allowed, there would be one deputy for every 2,146 communicants, based on 1,716,977 communicants for the domestic dioceses, statistics for 1997 as reported in the 1999 Episcopal Church Annual.

(General Convention in 1997 had one deputy for every 1,972 communicants, based on statistics for 1994, as reported in the 1996 Episcopal Church Annual.)

Since dioceses differ radically in size, deputies are not evenly distributed throughout the church membership. Under this system of disproportional representation, the Diocese of Texas, the diocese with the most communicants, has only one deputy for every 7,717 communicants, yet North Dakota, our smallest diocese (excluding Navajoland), has one deputy for every 186  communicants.  That difference is even greater than in 1997, when the Diocese of Texas had only one deputy for every 6,885 communicants, and North Dakota only one deputy for every 211 communicants.

Those who support disproportional representation often justify their position by noting that members of the House of Deputies are not called "representatives" but "deputies." As such, deputies are charged to vote our own consciences, not the conscience of our dioceses. Those making this case argue that the purpose of disproportional voting is to assure the activity of the Holy Spirit at convention, and not to encumber deputies to bring minds limited only to what they learned back home.

Systemic Injustice

This position suggests that the Holy Spirit is to blame that General Convention took fifty years longer to enact women's suffrage than did the U.S. congress. Others feel that the Congress moved faster because it has proportional representation.

Seventy-two percent of all African American deputies were elected in the dioceses under represented (up from 67 percent in 1997). Forty-six percent of the African American deputies serve in the top 25 of dioceses most under-represented -- i.e., the dioceses that would stand to gain the most in representation if the system were made just. Clearly the system itself discriminates against African American representation in the House.
Sixty-four percent of the deputies known to be lesbigay were elected in the dioceses under represented (up from 58 percent in 1997). Fifty percent of the deputies known to be gay serve in the top 25 of dioceses most under-represented -- i.e., the dioceses that would stand to gain the most in representation if the system were made just. Clearly the system itself discriminates against lesbigay representation in the House.

Disproportional representation did not affect gender portions in 2000.. Fifty-one percent of the women elected were elected in the dioceses underrepresented, and forty-nine percent were elected in the other half.  In 1997 women fared better in the dioceses with more than their proportional share of the house, with sixty-four percent of the female deputies were elected by those dioceses.

Diocese
Communicants
Comm. per dep.
in 2000
Texas
61,735
7,717
Virginia
57,041
7,130
Massachusetts
50,853
6,357
Los Angeles
50,407
6,301
Connecticut
49,408
6,176
Long Island
42,544
5,318
New York
42,459
5,307
Pennsylvania
42,197
5,275
Atlanta
38,476
4,810
New Jersey
35,185
4,398
North Carolina
35,156
4,395
Maryland
32,245
4,031
Washington
30,752
3,844
Chicago
30,678
3,835
Central Florida
30,164
3,771
Dallas
29,628
3,704
Southwest Florida
28,317
3,540
Southeast Florida
27,412
3,427
Alabama
26,687
3,336
Newark
26,664
3,333
Florida
26,510
3,314
Colorado
25,514
3,189
Ohio
24,747
3,093
Southern Virginia
23,885
2,986
Michigan
23,333
2,917
Olympia
23,318
2,915
Arizona
23,173
2,897
West Texas
22,506
2,813
California
22,099
2,762
Upper South Carolina
21,784
2,723
Minnesota
21,757
2,720
South Carolina
19,617
2,452
Southern Ohio
19,302
2,413
Rhode Island
18,618
2,327
Mississippi
18,020
2,253
Central Gulf Coast
16,922
2,115
Oregon
16,700
2,088
Pittsburgh
16,596
2,075
Oklahoma
16,447
2,056
Central New York
16,273
2,034
San Diego
16,112
2,014
East Carolina
15,587
1,948
Northern California
15,193
1,899
Albany
14,464
1,808
Georgia
14,270
1,784
Fort Worth
14,243
1,780
Western Massachusetts
14,019
1,752
Western New York
13,902
1,738
Louisiana
13,510
1,689
Western North Carolina
12,957
1,620
East Tennessee
12,634
1,579
New Hampshire
12,578
1,572
Central Pennsylvania
12,571
1,571
Rio Grande
12,447
1,556
El Camino Real
12,411
1,551
Missouri
11,880
1,485
Bethlehem
11,765
1,471
Western Michigan
11,760
1,470
Kansas
11,683
1,460
Milwaukee
11,285
1,411
Arkansas
11,191
1,399
Maine
11,034
1,379
Western Louisiana
10,781
1,348
West Tennessee
10,738
1,342
Southwestern Virginia
10,583
1,323
Rochester
10,256
1,282
Tennessee
10,114
1,264
West Missouri
10,067
1,258
Iowa
9,494
1,187
Indianapolis
9,459
1,182
Delaware
8,973
1,122
Kentucky
8,678
1,085
West Virginia
8,602
1,075
San Joaquin
7,901
988
Nebraska
7,863
983
Lexington
7,785
973
Spokane
7,743
968
Hawaii
7,721
965
Eastern Michigan
7,511
939
Easton
7,257
907
Northwest Texas
7,010
876
Vermont
6,718
840
South Dakota
6,246
781
Wyoming
5,949
744
Utah
5,853
732
Northern Indiana
5,831
729
Springfield
5,220
653
Fond du Lac
5,180
648
Northwestern Pennsylvania
4,647
581
Montana
4,527
566
Nevada
4,352
544
Idaho
4,155
519
Alaska
4,139
517
Quincy
2,528
316
Eastern Oregon
2,411
301
Eau Claire
2,071
259
Western Kansas
2,007
251
Northern Michigan
1,773
222
North Dakota
1,490
186
Navajoland
719
90

See my Charting ECUSA.

Return to Table of Contents
 

Provincial Patterns

0.0%  1.3%  0.8%  0.0%  0.0%  0.0%  0.0%  3.3%  Asian Americans 
9.4%  19.7%  9.8%  8.1%  8.5%  1.6%  2.8%  2.6%  African Americans 
1.6%  3.9%  0.0%  1.0%  0.0%  0.0%  1.9%  3.3%  Hispanic/Latino Americans 
0.0%  0.0%  0.8%  0.5%  0.0%  4.7%  0.0%  3.3%  Native Hawaiians & 
Native Americans* 
46.9%  43.4%  39.3%  30.3%  44.0%  43.8%  29.6%  45.0%  females 
20.3%  11.8%  11.5%  11.6%  8.5%  4.7%  9.3%  6.6%  Those who have doctorates 
18.8%  15.8%  10.7%  5.6%  6.4%  12.5%  2.8%  5.3%  Ivy League graduates 
4.7%  6.6%  6.6%  8.6%  6.4%  10.9%  3.7%  6.0%  lawyers 
7.8%  11.8%  6.6%  4.0%  9.9%  7.8%  6.5%  3.3%  singles 
6.3%  3.9%  1.6%  0.5%  2.1%  0.0%  0.0%  0.7%  lesbigays 
91.3%  62.8%  59.5%  24.4%  67.6%  27.8%  21.2%  61.7%  Supported lesbigay unions
C002** 

* At time of being compiled, deputations are not known yet from Navajoland, North Dakota, or Kansas
 ** For this line only, percents are of totals for 1997 deputations; all others are of the deputations for 2000.

In the graph above, I have estimated the number of deputies and first alternates from Navajoland, North Dakota, or Kansas based on their representation in 1997.  Others are based on the deputies already elected.  Some still have not elected their first alternates.

 Click here to see a map of the provinces.

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Deputy Neighborhoods

Only eight percent of the deputies are African American (up 3% from 1997), yet the United States has twice that proportion (12.1%) of African Americans. (I have not yet been able to locate data to show what per cent of Episcopalians are African American. Please contact me if you can point to official data.)
Dr. King used to speak of 11 o'clock on Sunday morning as the most segregated hour in America. In many places, many of us have learned to worship together, but 7 o'clock on Saturday night remains as a big problem. Few have yet learned to share our lives with one another across racial barriers. (Deputy Marge Christie)
See my elaborate analysis of racial patterns in deputies' zip codes in my report on the 1997 House of Deputies.  No new US census data will be available until approximately 2002.
 

Of the seventeen states that have higher than national average of 12.1 percent African Americans, some have done a better job of electing African American deputies and first alternates to General Convention than have others:

(Note: Not all states have an equal number of deputies, nor are all dioceses within the boundaries of any one state. 'State' here means the state in which the deputy resides, not necessarily the state of the See.)

Distribution of Deputies of Color
Compared with Distribution in the US
State  Deps
of color 
Afn Amn
Deps. 
Afn Amn
in state 
DC  37.5%  37.5%  65.8% 
MS  10.0%  10.0%  35.6% 
LA  15.0%  10.0%  30.8% 
SC  0.0%  0.0%  29.8% 
GA  20.0%  15.0%  27.0% 
AL  11.1%  11.1%  25.3% 
MD  15.0%  10.0%  24.9% 
NC  10.0%  10.0%  22.0% 
VA  6.7%  6.7%  18.8% 
DE  20.0%  10.0%  16.9% 
TN 6.7%  6.7%  16.0% 
NY  25.0%  19.6%  15.9% 
AR  0.0%  0.0%  15.9% 
IL  6.9%  6.9%  14.8% 
MI  5.0%  5.0%  13.9% 
FL  8.0%  6.0%  13.6% 
NJ  20.0%  20.0%  13.4% 
-US overall is 12.1% African American
TX  8.3%  4.2%  11.9% 
MO  5.0%  5.0%  10.7% 
OH  27.8%  27.8%  10.6% 
PA  8.7%  8.7%  9.2% 
CT  10.0%  10.0%  8.3% 
IN  10.0%  10.0%  7.8% 
OK  10.0%  10.0%  7.4% 
CA  13.8%  1.7%  7.4% 
KY  5.0%  5.0%  7.1% 
NV  0.0%  0.0%  6.6% 
KS  0.0%  0.0%  5.8% 
MA  22.2%  22.2%  5.0% 
WI  0.0%  0.0%  5.0% 
AK  37.5%  12.5%  4.1% 
CO  0.0%  0.0%  4.0% 
RI  0.0%  0.0%  3.9% 
NE  0.0%  0.0%  3.6% 
WA  5.6%  0.0%  3.1% 
WV  0.0%  0.0%  3.1% 
AZ  10.0%  10.0%  3.0% 
HI  40.0%  10.0%  2.5% 
MN  10.0%  10.0%  2.2% 
NM  0.0%  0.0%  2.0% 
IA  0.0%  0.0%  1.7% 
OR  5.0%  0.0%  1.6% 
WY  0.0%  0.0%  0.8% 
UT  0.0%  0.0%  0.7% 
NH  0.0%  0.0%  0.6% 
ND  na  na  0.6% 
SD  37.5%  0.0%  0.5% 
ME  12.5%  12.5%  0.4% 
ID  0.0%  0.0%  0.3% 
MT  0.0%  0.0%  0.3% 
VT  0.0%  0.0%  0.3% 

White Privilege:
 

Of the twelve states where dioceses elected African American deputies in percentages equal to or greater than African Americans appear in the state population, not one is in any way connected to the Confederacy. (In 1997 dioceses in only nine states elected equal to or greater than the proportion within their population.)

State  Deps
of color 
Afn Amn
Deps. 
Afn Amn
in state 
Difference 
MA  22.2%  22.2%  5.0%  17.2% 
OH  27.8%  27.8%  10.6%  17.2% 
ME  12.5%  12.5%  0.4%  12.1% 
AK  37.5%  12.5%  4.1%  8.4% 
MN  10.0%  10.0%  2.2%  7.8% 
HI  40.0%  10.0%  2.5%  7.5% 
AZ  10.0%  10.0%  3.0%  7.0% 
NJ  20.0%  20.0%  13.4%  6.6% 
NY  25.0%  19.6%  15.9%  3.7% 
OK  10.0%  10.0%  7.4%  2.6% 
IN  10.0%  10.0%  7.8%  2.2% 
CT  10.0%  10.0%  8.3%  1.7% 

Yet of the 10 states with the -12 percent or lower under-proportionate presence of African Americans, 8 of them were a part of the Confederacy:

State  Deps
of color 
Afn Amn
Deps. 
Afn Amn
in state 
Difference 
SC  0.0%  0.0%  29.8%  -29.8% 
DC  37.5%  37.5%  65.8%  -28.3% 
MS  10.0%  10.0%  35.6%  -25.6% 
LA  15.0%  10.0%  30.8%  -20.8% 
AR  0.0%  0.0%  15.9%  -15.9% 
MD  15.0%  10.0%  24.9%  -14.9% 
AL  11.1%  11.1%  25.3%  -14.2% 
VA  6.7%  6.7%  18.8%  -12.1% 
GA  20.0%  15.0%  27.0%  -12.0% 
NC  10.0%  10.0%  22.0%  -12.0% 

In 1997 of the 12 states with the -10 percent or lower under-proportionate presence of African Americans, 9 of them were a part of the Confederacy.

The systems of white privilege remain intact in ECUSA.

See the lists of deputies of color.

See my report on Black priests in ECUSA.
 

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Clergy ordination patterns

Only 1.5 percent of the clergy deputies are deacons. The rest are priests.

Deputies who are priests averaged .85 of a year, or 309 days, between being made a deacon and being made a priest (up only 5 days from the average in 1997).

Male deputies moved from the diaconate to priesthood in an average of 9.7 months, a shorter  interval than the 11.5 months for females  and the 14.3 months for deputies of color:
 

Male deputies were also priested at a younger age:
 
 
Return to Table of Contents
 
 

Clergy Assignments

Return to Table of Contents
 
 


  • Standing Commissions & Committees

  •  

     
     
     

    Only 13% of the deputies serve on the interim bodies (up 3% from 1997), known variously as commissions, committees, and boards.
     

    Of the deputies for 2000 now serving on interim bodies: Most terms run for two triennia.

    16.6% of the lay deputies currently serve on interim bodies.
    10.0% of the clergy deputies currently serve on interim bodies.

        Typically have of the members of interim bodies are ordained; the presence of bishops fills out the ordained half.

    17.2% of male deputies currently serve on interim bodies.
    10.9% of female deputies currently serve on interim bodies.

    21.8% of deputies of color currently serve on interim bodies.
    12.1% of the Caucasian deputies currently serve on interim bodies.
     

    Click here to see a complete list of all members of interim bodies in the triennium 1997-2000.

    Return to Table of Contents
     
     


  • Legislative Committees

  •  

     

    Legislative committees serve during General Convention. All proposed legislation is assigned an appropriate legislative committee. Committees typically hold hearings on and draft the final versions of all legislation considered on the floor of General Convention, responding to proposals from dioceses, deputies, bishops, and interim bodies.

    Click here to see the list of legislative committees and their members .

    62% of all deputies were appointed to committees; 38% were not.

    83% of all who have been deputies 3+ times were appointed; 17% were not.
    79% of all who have been deputies 2+ times were appointed; 21% were not.
    33% of all new deputies were appointed; 67% were not.

    77% of all deputies of color were appointed to committees, 23% were not.
    64% of all female deputies were appointed; 36% were not.
    60% of all male deputies were appointed; 40% were not.

    61% of all Province 1 deputies were appointed; 39% were not.
    72% of all Province 2* deputies were appointed; 28% were not.
    67% of all Province 3 deputies were appointed; 33% were not.
    65% of all Province 4 deputies were appointed; 35% were not.
    65% of all Province 5 deputies were appointed; 35% were not.
    58% of all Province 6 deputies were appointed; 42% were not.
    54% of all Province 7 deputies were appointed; 46% were not.
    57% of all Province 8* deputies were appointed; 43% were not.
    33% of all Province 9 deputies were appointed; 67% were not.

    52% of all Province X* deputies were appointed; % were not.

    *I use Province X to indicate Prov. 2 deputies in VI, Europe, and Haiti and Prov. 8 deputies in Taiwan

    Very Rev. George Werner (c1 from Pittsburgh and Vice-President of the HoD) wrote:

    For six years, I had the privilege of serving on the Council of Advice to the President of the House of Deputies, David Collins. In the game of pigeonholing, David is an "Evangelical Conservative." More recently, I have served six years ion the Council of Advice of Pamela Chinnis, pigeonholed "Liberal."

    I. Both struggled mightily to balance appointments to both General Convention legislative committees and to those commissions, committees and other bodies which exist between conventions.

    II. Balance included Province, Diocese, ideologies, sex, age, ethnicity and experience. (i.e.When Ft. Worth was a new Diocese and therefore had little deputy seniority,a deliberate effort was made to name at least half the deputation to legislative committees.)

    III. In all appointments, there are at least three identified and qualified candidates for each position available. (Remember that interim bodies are usually made up of six year terms meaning that each Triennium only one half of the appointments are made.)

    IV. Certain committees and commissions are more popular than others. Combining music and liturgy for this General Convention meant that we had more returning deputies who had served on one of these committees at the last Convention than we did have committee seats. Another committee had 153 "first choices" from Deputies, approximately five times the number of seats.

    V. It has been my experience that a brief letter from the candidate or from a colleague, outlining the specific gifts and experience for a particular committee or interim body can be helpful. Also, like the importuning servant, keep knocking.

    Like all systems, this is not perfect. As sinners in need of God's Grace that should surprise no one.

    Return to Table of Contents
     
     


    Acknowledgments

    In 1946 when I was in the 5th grade, Mother, who had been head teller at the local bank, was scandalized that I did not yet know the multiplication tables.  One night she insisted that we stay up until I could recite four times without an error all the way from one times one to twelve times twelve.  I succeeded about four in the morning, and we celebrated with hot chocolate.   In many ways this statistical report, and so many more that I have done, continue that celebration.

    All the errors here are mine, and I would appreciate continuing help with them as spotted.

    Note: Census data comes from the 1990 U.S. Census, much of it from the Summary Tape File 3B on 3 CDs. Biographical data was derived from the Electronic Clerical Directory and the Electronic Lay Leadership Directory, available from the Church Hymnal Corporation. Data regarding parishes and dioceses was gleaned heavily from The Episcopal Church Annual of many editions, and this data was often then correlated with data from the other sources.

    Individual deputies have helped enormously in providing information for this report.  Thanks to all of you.  I hope you find this information useful.

    I owe special thanks to my husband Ernest Clay for his steadfast kindness and gentleness, without which I would have much less of an inkling about the patience and kindness of God.

    Joy to absolutely everybody!

    --Lutibelle/Louie, Chair
    Deputation for the Diocese of Newark


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